被动语态
一、语态概述
英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：
例如： Many people speak Chinese.
Chinese is spoken by many people. 主语 Chinese是动词 speak 的承受者。
例如： He opened the book.他打开了书。
The book was opened. 书被开了。
二、 被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词 be+ 及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过 be 的变化表
现出来的。
主动句：动作的执行者(主语)+谓语动词+动作的承受者(宾语)
被动句： 动作的承受者(主语)+ be +动词的过去分词 + by + 动作的执行者
注意：(1)有时 by 短语可以省略。
(2)主动句的时态是由谓语动词来体现的，而被动句的时态是由 be 动词来体现的。
被动语态的否定式：在第一个助动词后加 not构成。
被动语态的疑问式：把第一个助动词提到主语之前，句尾加问号构成。例如：
三、 被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化
主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样。
① 一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态；
一般现在时： am / is /are+done
一般过去时： was /were+ done
(1)People grow rice in the south of the country.
Rice is grown in the south of the country.
②现在进行时的被动语态：
现在进行时： am/is/are+ v-ing
十 被动语态： be +done
现在进行时的被动语态： am/is/are+ being + done
The radio is broadcasting English lessons.
English lessons are being broadcasted on the radio.
③过去进行时的被动语态：
过去进行时： was/were+ v.-ing
+ 被动语态： be + done
过去进行时的被动语态： was/were+ being + done
The workers were mending the road.
The road was being mended.
④现在完成时的被动语态：
现在完成时： have/has+ 动词的过去分词
十 被动语态： be + done
现在完成时的被动语态： have/ has + been + done
Someone has told me the sports meeting might be put off.
I have been told the sports meeting might be put off.
⑤过去完成时的被动语态：
过去完成时： had+ 动词的过去分词
十 被动语态： be + done
过去完成时的被动语态： had+ been +done
When I got to the theatre, I found they had already sold out the tickets.
When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out.
⑥一般将来时的被动语态：
一般将来时： will + 动词原形
十 被动语态： be + done
一般将来时的被动语态： will+ be + done
They will send cars abroad by sea.
Cars will be sent abroad by sea.
⑦过去将来时的被动语态：
过去将来时： would + 动词原形
+ 被动语态： be + done
过去将来时的被动语态： would + be +done
The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year.
The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year.
⑧ 含有情态动词的被动语态
情 态 动 词 +动词原形
十 be + done
含有情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+ be + done
You must hand in your compositions after class.
Your compositions must be handed in after class.
四、 被动语态的用法
(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。
Some new computers were stolen last night.
(2)强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。
The window was broken by Mike.窗户是迈克打破的。
This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。
五、主动语态变被动语态的方法
(1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
(2)把谓语变成被动结构(be+ 过去分词)根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定 be 的形式。
(3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词 by 之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。
1. All the people laughed at him.
He was laughed at by all people.
2. They make the bikes in the factory.
The bikes are made by them in the factory.
六、 含有情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词+be+ 过去分词”构成，
原来带 to 的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。
1.We can repair this watch in two days.
This watch can be repaired in two days.
2.You ought to take it away.
It ought to be taken away.
七、注意被动语态的几个特殊情况：
1.把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新
主语保持一致。
We have bought a new computer.
A new computer has been bought. (正确)
A new computer have been bought. (错误)
2.含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动， 一般变间接
宾语为主语时比较多。
My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.
I was given a present on my birthday.
如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：
A present was given to me yesterday.
注意：1.一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词 to, 如：
bring, give, hand,lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。
(1) The book was showed to the class.
(2) My bike was lent to her.
2.一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词 for, 如：
build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix,get, keep, make, order,paint,play, sing 等。
(1) A new skirt was made for me.
(2) The meat was cooked for us.
(3) Some country music was played for us.
3. 由动词+介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。
这类动词有：不及物动词+介词，如：agree to,ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about 等。
The patient is being operated on.
The problem is solved. It needn't be talked about.
4. 带复合宾语(宾语+宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补 足语保留在谓语动词后面。
(1) We always keep the classroom clean.
→The classroom is always kept clean.
(2) She told us to follow her instructions.
→We were told to follow her instructions.
注意：在 see,watch, hear, notice,listen to,look at, make,feel 等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带 to, 但改成被动语态后都带to, 这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to 的问题。
We often hear him play the guitar.
→He is often heard to play the guitar.
八、下列情况主动句不能改为被动句
1.感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义
如：feel, look, seem, taste, sound, remain 等。
(1)—Do you like the material —Yes, it feels very soft.
误：It is felt very soft.
(2)The food tastes delicious.
误：The food is tasted delicious.
(3)The pop music sounds beautiful.
误：The pop music is sounded beautiful.
2.一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如： take place, break out,belong to 等。 如：
The fire broke out in the capital building.
误：The fire was broke out in the capital building.
九、常用的被动语态结构
据说…… It is said that ...
据说下周会进行英语考试。
It is said that the English test will be held next week
据推测... It is supposed that...
据推测这本书在十年前写的。
It is supposed that the book was written ten years ago
希望..... It is hoped that...
希望我能通过考试 。
It is hoped that I can pass the exam
众所周知...... It is well known that ..
众所周知大熊猫是我国的国宝。
It is well known that the giant panda is a national treasure of our country.
据报导.... It is reported that ..
据报道，明天要下雨了。
It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow.
有人建议..... It is suggested that ..
有人建议，明天都带把伞。
It is suggested that you should bring an umbrella with tomorrow.
普遍认为... It is generally considered that .
普遍认为运动完后不能立刻喝水。
It is generally considered that you should not drink water immediately after your exercise.
被动语态练习：
用括号内所给动词的正确形式填空。(请注意时态和语态两个方面哦)
1. It’ s said(据说) that the long bridge ______________（build）in two months.
2.Can the magazine ______________ (take) out of the library
3. Which language ______________ the most widely ______________（speak）in the world
4. How long ______________ your uncle ______________ (be) in the city
5. Last year a large number of trees ______________（cut）down.
6. The stars can’ t ______________ (see) in the daytime.
7. The old man is ill. He ______________ (must send) to the hospital.
8. Vegetables, eggs and fruits ______________ (sell) in this shop.
9. —What ______________ knives ______________ (make) of
—They ______________ (make) of metal(金属) and wood.
10. Where to have the meeting ______________ （discuss）now.
11. The room ______________ (clean) by me every day.
12. The students ______________ often ______________ (tell) to take care of their desks and chairs.
13. Some flowers ______________ (water) by Li Ming already.
14. This kind of shoes ______________ (sell) well.
15.The lost boy ______________（not find）so far.
16. The food ______________ (smell) delicious.
