2023北京昌平二中高二（下）期中
英 语
一、完形填空
1．No one is born a winner.People make themselves into winners by their own（1） .
I learned this lesson from an experience many years ago.I took the head coaching job at a school in Baxley，Georgia.It was a small school with a weak football program.
It was a tradition for the school's old team to play against the （2） team at the end of spring practice.The old team had no coach，and they didn't even practice to prepare for the game.Being the coach of the new team，I was excited because I knew we were going to win，but to my disappointment，we were defeated.I couldn't believe I had got into such a situation.Thinking hard about it，I came to realize that my team might not be the number one team in Georgia，but they were（3） me.I had to change my （4） about their ability and potential.
I started doing anything I could to help them build a little （5） .Most importantly，I began to treat them like（6） .That summer，when the other teams enjoyed their vacations，we met every day and practiced passing and kicking the football.
Six months after suffering our defeat on the spring practice field，we won our first game and our second and continued to improve.Finally，we faced the number one team in the state.I felt that it would be a （7） for us even if we lost the game.But that wasn't what happened.My boys beat the best team in Georgia，giving me one of the greatest （8） of my life!
From the experience，I learned a lot about how the attitude of the leader can affect the members of a team.Instead of seeing my boys as losers，I pushed and（9） them.I helped them to see themselves （10） ，and they built themselves into winners.
Winners are made，not born.
（1）A.luck B.efforts C.tests D.nature
（2）A.excellent B.successful C.new D.strong
（3）A.depending on B.looking for C.reacting to D.caring about
（4）A.intention B.conclusion C.decision D.attitude
（5）A.culture B.fortune C.relationship D.pride
（6）A.winners B.leaders C.learners D.part
（7）A.burden B.victory C.shame D.favor
（8）A.offers B.concerns C.thrills D.chances
（9）A.observed B.encouraged C.impressed D.protected
（10）A.calmly B.honestly C.differently D.individually
2．阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写 1 个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
A
Most students feel that IQ is （1） determines how well they will be doing in life.But further research made by Professor Salovey suggests（2） （different）.According to him，in terms of future career，EQ matters more than IQ.People with high EQs can adjust well on all areas of their （3） （life） and careers.They can manage their emotions and thoughts and are less likely to be troubled by negative internal feelings and thoughts.
B
ChatGPT is a new artificial intelligence technology （4） （create）by Open AI.It enables machines to understand and respond to human conversations in a natural and conversational way.ChatGPT（5） （shake） the tech world since it was opened for public use last year.While it certainly comes across as knowledgeable，it's far （6） perfect.It cannot answer questions about things that have happened recently because it （7） （train） using data from 2021 and before.
C
Wind is one of our cleanest and most abundant power sources.Europe is leading the way in wind power.Nearly 75% of all turbines（风力发电机） （8） （locate） there.The country （9） produces the most energy from wind is Germany.However，Germany consumes a lot of energy，and wind only supplies about 5% of all its electrical needs.Denmark is the global leader in this field，which uses wind （10） （supply） almost 20% of its energy.
三、阅读理解
3．One Day University was founded by Steven Schragis in 2006.He came up with the idea after he dropped his daughter off at college in New York.The school had about a dozen professors giving short talks about a variety of subjects.All the parents had the same reaction： "I wish I were the one going to college!"
One Day University creates fascinating days of learning designed to inspire your mind.We work with over two hundred professors from the country's top colleges.No matter what you love，you'll find that every One Day U event is filled with exploratory talks that will challenge you as if you were a student in college once again!And just like your college days，you're sure to meet new friends with a shared belief of learning.At One Day U，there's no homework and no grades.Just learning for the sake of learning!
SATURDAY，JULY 21；9：30 am—4：00pm Lisner Auditorium at George Washington University；Washington.DC
LITERATURE 9：30 am—10：35 am The Lost Indian Culture Jeremi Suri/University of Texas Distinguished Teaching Award
SCIENCE 10：50 am—11：55 am How the Brain Works John Hall/University of Wisconsin﹣Madison William H.Kiekhofer Distinguished Teaching Award
MUSIC 12：10 pm—1：15 pm The History of Jazz Anna Celenza/Georgetown University Teacher﹣Scholar Award
Lunch break 1：15 pm—2：30pm
PSYCHOLOGY 2：30 pm—4：00 pm Genius，Creativity and Depression Jessica Payne/University of Notre Dame Bok Center Award for Teaching Excellence
Live Event Full price： ﹩ 125 Visit or call 800﹣300﹣3438.
（1）What do we know about One Day U？
A．It aims to reward college students.
B．It was founded by Steven Schragis and his daughter.
C．It is in cooperation with hundreds of top universities' professors.
D．It is intended to help its participants get excellent grades at college.
（2）Who will give talks about The History of Jazz？
A．John Hall.
B．Jeremi Suri.
C．Anna Celenza.
D．Jessica Payne.
（3）What's the main purpose of the text？
A．To show the history of One Day U.
B．To advertise the events of One Day U.
C．To explain how to learn at One Day U.
D．To stress the great influence of One Day U.
4．I recently attended a wedding in a rural area in north Italy，and guests were provided with a car and driver for the 90﹣minute journey into the hills.That was exciting：A private car!I could pretend I was rich!Since I'm not，though，I had no idea how much this trip actually cost.As a result，after our driver picked us back up at midnight，I secretly worried all the way home about tipping him.
I fished around nervously in my purse and realized that all I had was a ﹩100 note，which I was keeping for an emergency.I had nothing smaller.And I had nothing else to offer but two chocolates from the wedding.So，I could tip the driver that ﹩100 note or two chocolates.In the end，I chose the money.
The whole matter of tipping has long been a source of awkward interactions — and，for some travellers，mild anxiety — throughout the world.Tipping customs vary wildly from country to country.A friend in Rome tells me that Italians get hurt by big tips. "Leaving a big tip is considered impolite，" she adds， "I've had Italian friends make me take money back."
It reminded me of my 100﹣dollar tip.What if I had annoyed the driver？So I decided to call the car company and ask them to pass on a message to the driver apologizing for the improper tip and explaining the situation.
To my surprise，the car company responded that the driver had actually called to express his gratitude for the unexpected big tip.He had apparently been having a tough week and the money had come at just the right time.
I was astonished.All my worry had been for nothing.What started out as a source of anxiety ended up being a heartwarming experience.I learned that sometimes it's better to go with your feelings and be generous，even if it means taking a risk.
（1）What did the author realize when she dug around in her purse？
A.She had spent 100 dollars on emergency.
B.She had to ask the driver for smaller changes.
C.She had nothing but two chocolates to offer the driver.
D.She had no smaller notes and might tip too high or too low.
（2）Why did the author mention the tipping in Italy？
A.To compare different tipping customs.
B.To share a personal story of her friend.
C.To show the possibility of upsetting the driver.
D.To demonstrate her rich knowledge on tipping.
（3）What was the driver's response to the tipping？
A.He was annoyed by the large tip.
B.He appreciated the author's generosity.
C.He was grateful and refused the money.
D.He was upset by the awkward interaction.
（4）What can we conclude from the passage？
A.Good things are possible when you follow your heart.
B.You'd better think carefully before taking action.
C.When in Rome，do as the Romans do.
D.A penny saved is a penny earned.
5．Recently，a new discovery has been made in the field of biology that challenges our previous understanding of the origins of life on Earth.For decades，scientists believed that life emerged in a warm，shallow pond，where a series of chemical reactions led to the creation of the first living cells.However，a team of researchers has now uncovered evidence that suggests life may have actually begun in a quite different environment.
The discovery was made in a remote part of the ocean，where a team of scientists was exploring a hydrothermal vent （深海热泉） system located deep beneath the surface.Hydrothermal vents release superheated water and gases from the Earth's mantle （地幔）.They create an extreme environment that is unfavourable to most forms of life，but home to a variety of unique organisms.
As the scientists collected samples of the vent's mineral﹣rich liquid，they noticed something strange.They discovered that it contained a complex network of organic molecules （分子），including amino acids （氨基酸） and other building blocks of life.This was surprising，as hydrothermal vents were previously thought to be empty of life﹣supporting chemicals.However，the most striking discovery was yet to come.Analysis of the organic molecules revealed that they were not simply the product of chemical reactions in the vent，but rather had been produced by living organisms.This served as evidence of a lively ecosystem that was completely independent of sunlight and the surface world.
This discovery has significant implications for our understanding of the origins of life on Earth.The warm pond hypothesis （假说），which has long been the dominant theory，suggests that life emerged in a relatively warm and damp environment.However，the new evidence from the hydrothermal vent system suggests that life may have actually begun in an extreme environment，where survival was only possible through the development of original biochemical pathways.The discovery also raises new questions about the potential for life to exist on other celestial bodies （天体）.Hydrothermal vents have been identified on Saturn's moon Enceladus and Jupiter's moon Europa.The presence of organic molecules at these sites suggests that unique forms of life may exist.
While this discovery is still in its early stages，it is already beginning to reshape our understanding of the origins of life and the potential for life on other planets.It is a testament to the power of scientific exploration and the incredible complexity of life on Earth.As we continue to explore the depths of the ocean and the vast expanse of space，who knows what other surprises and discoveries lie in store.
（1）What did the scientists newly discover in the vent's liquid？
A．Superheated gases.
B．A variety of minerals.
C．Life﹣supporting chemicals.
D．Complex forms of life.
（2）What can we learn from the passage？
A．The warm pond hypothesis proves to be right.
B．Organic molecules lead to chemical reactions.
C．Forms of life were identified in the vents on other planets.
D．Original biochemical pathways can occur in severe conditions.
（3）What is conveyed in the last paragraph？
A．Researches help us push the boundaries of technology.
B．Scientists have addressed the limitations of the research.
C．New discoveries inspire us to further explore the unknown.
D．Researchers have confirmed the origins and complexity of life.
6．Many of us may experience dinner﹣table debates.One common scene plays out as follows.You want to convince a friend or a family member of something you know they may disagree，and you share information and walk through your reasoning with them.Still，they reject your case.How do you react when your powers of persuasion fail？You might dismiss the person who doesn't agree with your arguments as narrow﹣minded，foolish or otherwise out of touch with reality.The whole experience may feel like trying to guide someone on a journey when they refuse to follow.Psychologists have created a term，persuasion fatigue，to describe this form of frustration （懊恼）.
Persuasion fatigue may make it harder to successfully keep challenging conversations.Past research demonstrates that feeling frustrated can make you more resistant to changing your mind.It also shows that frustration may reduce your ability to recognize why your arguments don't succeed.Persuasion fatigue also explains why，when debates break down，people tend to blame their conversational opponent.As Mark Twain once wrote， "In all matters of opinion，our opponents are insane （愚蠢的）." In past findings，people generally reported three times as many reasons why others' faults led to failed debates rather than their own shortcomings.It is true that others are not always open to your ideas.Ending the discussion can therefore be the right thing to do.But in an overheated debate，your fatigue may lead you to misinterpret the situation and believe that your opponent is too stupid to see the truth.Fortunately，psychologists suggest some sound approaches to managing these situations and protecting your relationships.
To reach your audience，it may be essential to express your message in terms of their values，not yours.Psychologists call this "moral reframing." In fact，researches suggest that the simple act of acknowledging values of the people you're talking to — telling them you understand where they're coming from，even if you don't agree—may lead them to lower their defenses and open up a little to new arguments.
Your fatigue may be even worse by thinking or assuming that debate is a zero﹣sum struggle — that you win if，and only if，your opponent loses.But sometimes you're better off seeing an argument as a cooperative effort to find the truth — less like angry neighbours fighting over their property line.The neighbours map land together by viewing it from multiple angles.Similarly，debates can help you triangulate a view between your opinion and the other person's.
The tendency to blame others for exhausting debates has real consequences.In our exhaustion，we may fail to see when our frustrations stem from a deep desire for connection.Recognizing persuasion fatigue—and how we contribute to it—may help us pass through heated debates without leaving those we love behind.
（1）People may experience persuasion fatigue when they .
A．try in vain to convince others
B．misinterpret others' reasoning
C．adopt others' views unwillingly
D．try to persuade narrow﹣minded people
（2）Which is the possible consequence of persuasion fatigue？
A．One can't stick to his point of view.
B．One admits his limits and weaknesses.
C．One can't get to the root of failed debates.
D．One feels incompetent for further arguments.
（3）Why does the author quote Mark Twain in the passage？
A．To stress the effect of changing others' mind.
B．To confirm the difficulty of winning an argument.
C．To explain the reason for one's ending an argument.
D．To support the idea of one's tendency to blame others.
（4）Which is the recommended solution to managing persuasion fatigue？
A．Seeing a debate as a zero﹣sum game.
B．Making an effort for common ground.
C．Shifting the topic to lower others' defenses.
D．Reframing points based on one's own values.
7．
Getting Lost in a Good Book Can Help Keep You Healthy
I'm a novelist and it's obviously in my interest to encourage people to read.But there's increasing evidence that reading isn't just for pleasure，or merely a way of improving literacy skills and factual knowledge. （1）
Firstly，reading helps to lengthen attention spans in children and improves their ability to think clearly. （2） It is essential to learn this skill as a small child.The more they do it，the better they get at it.
Also，reading can help people learn to empathize（产生共鸣）.A recent study at the University of Michigan found that there had been a 48% decrease in empathy among college students. （3） In a computer game，you might have rescued a princess，but you don't care about her，you just want to win.But a princess in a book has a past，present and future，she has connections and motivations.We can relate to her.We see the world through her eyes.
As a matter of fact，reading is far from a passive activity.Reading exercises the whole brain.When we read and imagine the landscapes，sounds，smells and tastes described on the page，the various areas of the brain that are used to process these experiences in real life are activated，creating new neural（神经） pathways. （4） This doesn't happen when we're watching TV or playing a computer game.
Getting sucked into a good novel appears to be beneficial to our mental health too. （5） Reading not only avoids feelings of loneliness，it helps us to wind down，de﹣stress and forget our own problems for a while.
A．Encouraging reading could overcome this.
B．As the old saying goes， " You're never alone with a book."
C．But those who did not enjoy these activities had lots of loss.
D．It might actually be good for our mental and physical health too.
E．When we read a good book，we're trying to find out its main idea.
F．In other words，our brains model real experiences，just as if we were living them ourselves.
G．Stories have a structure that encourages their brains to think in sequence，to link cause，effect and significance.
四、书面表达
8．While most spiders hunt alone，there are a few hundred species of social spiders that live in colonies.A．studiosus is one of them.Up to 50 individuals gather together to spin large collective webs，which catch larger prey than each spider could trap on its own.
All the colony members look the same，but they don't all behave in the same way.The females can be aggressive or docile （温驯的）.It's surprisingly easy to realize their personalities—just put two of them in a small box overnight and check on them the next morning.If they're both docile，they will have built a joint web in one corner of the box.If one of them is aggressive，the pair will be at opposite corners.
Colin Wright from the University of Pittsburgh has now found that these personality types do different jobs within the web，creating a natural division of labor.They're a little like ants，where small workers clean and look for food，and big soldiers guard and defend.But unlike these insects，the social spiders don't have castes （社会阶层） with different builds.Instead，their roles are defined by their personalities.
When Wright's team first started studying A．studiosus，they couldn't work out what the docile spiders did.They didn't seem to repair webs，keep enemies away，or catch prey.But when the researchers checked the fates of colonies in the wild，they found that those with a mix of docile and aggressive members were more likely to survive than those with just a single type.The docile members were clearly doing something important.
It turns out that they act as the colony's babysitters.They spend most of their time standing watching over the eggs，or directly feeding the youngsters by regurgitating （反刍） food—just like a mother bird might.Meanwhile，the aggressive spiders generally avoid these tasks；instead，they spend most of their time building the web，catching prey，and defending their pared to the docile spiders，the aggressive ones are better at those tasks，because the docile females rarely respond to enemies—and when they do respond，they do so slowly.
For now，it's not clear why the spiders naturally fall into their respective careers，or even what drives their different personalities in the first place.The team are now trying to answer these questions.In the meantime，Wright suggests that biologists should pay more attention to personality types，when trying to understand how animal societies work.
（1）According to the passage，what are the two personality types of female A．studiosus？
（2）What are the aggressive female spiders mainly responsible for？
（3）Please decide which part is false in the following statement，then underline it and explain why.
In an A．studiosus colony，the division of labor is based on the different builds of the spiders.
（4）Do you think personality traits influence human career choices？Why or why not？ （In about 40 words）
五、书面表达
9．假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。近期你校将在海淀公园举行"阳光长跑"活动，请你给国际部好友Jim写封电子邮件，邀请他参加。内容包括：
1.活动信息；
2.注意事项。
注意：1.词数100左右；
2.开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Jim，
__________
Yours，
Li Hua
2022-2023学年北京市昌平二中高二（下）期中英语试卷
参考答案与试题解析
一、完形填空
1．【分析】本文是一篇记叙文。作者是从自己的一次经历中意识到领导者的态度对队员有影响。没有人天生就是赢家，通过自己的努力，总会获得成功。即使队员失败了，领导者也要把他们当作胜利者来对待。
【解答】（1）考查名词及语境理解。A.luck幸运；B.efforts努力；C.tests测验；D.nature自然。根据上句No one is born a winner。可知没有人天生就是赢家，说明通过自己的努力成为赢家。故答案为B。
（2）考查形容词及语境理解。A.excellent优秀的；B.successful成功的；C.new新的；D.strong强壮的。根据空前the school's old team可知应该是学校的老球队和新球队进行比赛。故答案为C。
（3）考查动词短语及语境理解。A.depending on依靠；B.looking for寻找；C.reacting to回应；D.caring about在乎。根据上句I came to realize that my team might not be the number one team in Georgia可知我开始意识到我的团队可能不是佐治亚州的第一团队。说明队员们要依靠我。故答案为A。
（4）考查名词及语境理解。A.intention打算；B.conclusion结论；C.decision决定；D.attitude态度。根据后文From the experience，I learned a lot about how the attitude of the leader can affect the members of a team可知从这次经历中，我学到了很多关于领导者的态度如何影响团队成员的知识。说明我要改变之前的态度。故答案为D。
（5）考查名词及语境理解。A.culture文化；B.fortune运气；C.relationship关系；D.pride自豪。根据后文Six months after suffering our defeat on the spring practice field，we won our first game and our second and continued to improve可知在春季训练场上遭受失败六个月后，我们赢得了第一场和第二场比赛，并继续进步。说明我想让球员建立自豪感。故答案为D。
（6）考查名词及语境理解。A.winners获胜者；B.leaders领导者；C.learners学习者；D.part部分。根据后文Instead of seeing my boys as losers，I pushed and（9）them.可知我没有把我的孩子们看作失败者，而是鼓励他们。故答案为A。
（7）考查名词及语境理解。A.burden负担；B.victory胜利；C.shame羞耻；D.favor支持。根据上句Six months after suffering our defeat on the spring practice field，we won our first game and our second and continued to improve可知在春季训练场上遭受失败六个月后，我们赢得了第一场和第二场比赛，并继续进步。说明我们获得了胜利。故答案为B。
（8）考查名词及语境理解。A.offers提供；B.concerns关心；C.thrills兴奋；D.chances机会。根据上句My boys beat the best team in Georgia可知我的孩子们打败了佐治亚州最好的球队，给了我一生中最大的刺激！故答案为C。
（9）考查动词及语境理解。A.observed观察；B.encouraged鼓励；C.impressed留下印象；D.protected保护。根据上句Instead of seeing my boys as losers，I pushed可知我没有把我的孩子们看作失败者，而是鼓励他们。故答案为B。
（10）考查副词及语境理解。A.calmly冷静地；B.honestly诚实地；C.differently不同地；D.individually个人地。根据上句Instead of seeing my boys as losers可知我没有把我的孩子们看作失败者，说明我帮助他们以不同的眼光看待自己，他们把自己变成了赢家。故答案为C。
【点评】完形填空题的命题趋势
解题步骤：
1.通读全文，理解大意。重视首句信息，跳过空格，浏览全文，从整体上感知全文，理解文章大意，这是解题的基础。
2.瞻前顾后，避难就易。在理解文章大意的情况下，结合各选项的意义和用法，遵循先易后难的原则，先解决那些自己有把握的问题。对少数难题，暂时跳过，或许在上文中难以判断的题在下文中就有暗示或者明显的提示，或许一个在前面不能解答的题在填出了另一空后会令你豁然开朗。
3.复读全文，解决残敌。借助已经补全的空格，对全文有了更清楚的理解，可以集中解决所遗留的少数疑难问题。
4.再次复读，弥补疏漏，全部做好后，务必要结合自己选择的答案重新阅读短文内容，确保全文文意连贯。
2．【分析】这是三个片段：A 这是一篇说明文。大多数学生认为智商决定了他们在生活中会做得多好。但萨洛维教授的进一步研究却给出了不同的结论。在他看来，就未来的职业生涯而言，情商比智商更重要。高情商的人可以很好地适应生活和事业的各个方面。他们可以控制自己的情绪和想法，不太可能被消极的内心感受和想法所困扰。B 这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了ChatGPT及其缺陷。C 这是一篇说明文。风能是我们最清洁、最丰富的能源之一。欧洲在风力发电方面处于领先地位。近75%的涡轮机位于那里。风能发电量最大的国家是德国。然而，德国消耗了大量的能源，风能只提供了大约5%的电力需求。丹麦在这一领域处于全球领先地位，该国利用风能提供近20%的能源。
【解答】（1）考查表语从句。句意：大多数学生认为智商决定了他们在生活中会做得多好。引导表语从句，从句缺少主语，指物，应用what。故填what。
（2）考查副词。句意：但萨洛维教授的进一步研究却给出了不同的结论。修饰动词suggest，应用副词differently，故填differently。
（3）考查可数名词的复数。句意：高情商的人可以很好地适应生活和事业的各个方面。根据后文and careers可知应用复数形式。故填lives。
（4）考过去分词。句意：ChatGPT是由开放式人工智能创造的一种新型人工智能技术。句中有谓语，且前后无连词，此处应用非谓语动词作后置定语，修饰a new artificial intelligence technology ，且动词created和a new artificial intelligence technology是被动关系，应用非谓语动词作后置定语，故填created。
（5）考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：自从ChatGPT去年向公众开放以来，它已经震撼了科技界。此处在主句中作谓语，由since it was opened for public use last year可知，此处应用现在完成时，主语是ChatGPT，助动词为has，故填has shaken。
（6）考查介词。句意：虽然它给人的印象是知识渊博，但它远非完美。far from固定搭配，意为"远非"，故填from。
（7）考查动词时态语态和主谓一致。句意：它无法回答有关最近发生的事情的问题，因为它是使用2021年及之前的数据进行训练的。此处在because引导的状语从句中作谓语，主句用的是一般现在时，描述一般性事实，从句也应用一般现在时，且it和动词train是被动关系，应用一般现在时的被动，主语是it，be动词应用is，故填is trained。
（8）考查动词时态语态。句意：欧洲在风力发电方面处于领先地位。近75%的涡轮机位于那里。主语与谓语构成被动关系，陈述客观事实用一般现在时的被动语态，主语为Nearly 75% of all turbines，谓语用复数。故填are located。
（9）考查定语从句。句意：风能发电量最大的国家是德国。定语从句修饰先行词country，在从句中作主语，指物，故用which或that。故填that/which。
（10）考查动词不定式。句意：丹麦在这一领域处于全球领先地位，该国利用风能提供近20%的能源。短语use sth.to do sth.表示"用……"。故填to supply。
【点评】做本题的关键是在理解短文的基础上，灵活运用所学的基础知识。本类型的题目常考到的知识点有：固定的短语，词类的转换，名词的复数形式，副词以及祈使句的用法等。因此，这就需要在平时的学习中，牢固掌握各语言点及一些语法知识。
三、阅读理解
3．【分析】本文是一篇应用文，主要介绍了One Day University这个活动。
【解答】（1）细节理解题。由此篇文章第二段的关键句We work with over two hundred professors from the country's top colleges to create events.（我们与来自全国顶尖大学的200多名教授合作举办活动。）可知，One Day U与全国顶尖大学的200多名教授合作。故选C。
（2）细节理解题。由此篇文章表格中MUSIC部分的关键句The History of Jazz Anna Celenza/George﹣town University（爵士乐的历史：安娜 切伦扎/乔治城大学），可知Anna Celenza做关于爵士乐历史的演讲。故选C。
（3）写作意图题。通读全文，尤其是第二段中的关键句At One Day U，there's no homework and no grades.Just learning for the sake of learning!（在One Day U，没有作业，也没有分数。为学习而学习！）可知，本文介绍的是One Day University这个活动，目的是为这个活动打广告。故选B。
【点评】阅读理解解题步骤：首先对原文材料迅速浏览，掌握全文的主旨大意，因为阅读理解题一般没有标题，所以，速读全文，抓住中心主旨很有必要，在速读的过程中，应尽可能多地捕获信息材料；其次细读题材，各个击破，掌握全文的大意之后，细细阅读每篇材料后的问题，弄清每题要求后，带着问题，再回到原文中去寻找、捕获有关信息，要善于抓住每段的主题句，阅读时，要有较强的针对性，对于捕获到的信息，要做认真分析，仔细推敲，理解透彻，只有这样，针对题目要求，才能做到稳、准。
4．【分析】这是一篇记叙文，作者主要讲述了自己给巨额小费的经历和感悟。
【解答】（1）细节理解题。根据第二段中I had nothing smaller.And I had nothing else to offer but two chocolates from the wedding.So，I could tip the driver that ﹩100 note or two chocolates. （我没有更小的了。除了婚礼上的两块巧克力，我没有别的礼物。所以，我可以给司机100美元或者两块巧克力）可知，作者翻钱包时发现没有比100美元更小面额的钱，小费只能给100美元或者两块巧克力，而100美元作为小费太多，两块巧克力作为小费又太少。故选D。
（2）推理判断题。前两段描述了作者在意大利给司机100美元小费的经历，结合第四段前两句It reminded me of my 100﹣dollar tip.What if I had annoyed the driver？ （这让我想起了我的100美元小费。如果我惹恼了司机怎么办？）可知，作者提到在意大利给小费的事是为了说明这一举动有可能惹恼了司机。A.To compare different tipping customs.比较不同的小费习俗；B.To share a personal story of her friend.分享她朋友的个人故事；C.To show the possibility of upsetting the driver.以显示使驾驶员不安的可能性；D.To demonstrate her rich knowledge on tipping.来展示她丰富的小费知识。故选C。
（3）细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中To my surprise，the car company responded that the driver had actually called to express his gratitude for the unexpected big tip. （令我惊讶的是，汽车公司回应说，司机实际上是打电话来对意外的巨额小费表示感谢的）可知，司机感谢作者的慷慨。故选B。
（4）推理判断题。根据最后一段中What started out as a source of anxiety ended up being a heartwarming experience.I learned that sometimes it's better to go with your feelings and be generous，even if it means taking a risk. （一开始是焦虑的来源，最后变成了一次温暖人心的经历。我明白了，有时候跟随自己的感觉、慷慨大方是更好的选择，即使这意味着要承担风险）可推知，当你跟随自己的内心，好事就有可能发生，故选A。
【点评】一、速读全文，了解大意知主题。
阅读能力一般指阅读速度和理解能力两个方面。阅读速度是阅读最基本的能力，考生必须在十分有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，搜寻关键词、主题句，捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点，并且理清文章脉络，把握语篇实质。
二、看题干，带着问题读文章。
首先要掌握问题的类型，客观信息题可以从文章中直接找到答案；而主观判断题考查的是对文章的感情基调等，这类题必须经过对作者的态度、意图以及对整篇文章进行深一层的推理等。其次，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率。
三、逻辑推理，做好深层理解题。
在实际阅读中，有时作者并未把意图说出来，阅读者要根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓义。要求读者对文字的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理，不能就事论事，以偏概全。推理题在提问中常用的词有：infer，imply，suggest，indicate等。
四、猜词悟义，扫除阅读拦路虎。
猜词是应用英语的重要能力。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会"顺藤摸瓜"，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。
5．【分析】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲述生物学领域的一项新发现挑战了我们以前对地球上生命起源的认识，它表明生命实际上可能是在极端环境中开始的。
【解答】（1）细节理解题。根据第三段中They discovered that it contained a complex network of organic molecules （分子），including amino acids （氨基酸） and other building blocks of life.（他们发现它含有一个复杂的有机分子网络，包括氨基酸和其他生命的组成部分）可知，科学家在热泉的液体中发现了能够维持生命的物质。故选C。
（2）推理判断题。根据第四段中However，the new evidence from the hydrothermal vent system suggests that life may have actually begun in an extreme environment，where survival was only possible through the development of original biochemical pathways.（然而，来自深海热泉系统的新证据表明，生命实际上可能是在极端环境中开始的，在那里，生存只能通过原始生化途径的发展变得可能）可知，新的发现表明，原始的生化途径可以在恶劣的条件下发生，故选D。
（3）推理判断题。根据最后一段中It is a testament to the power of scientific exploration and the incredible complexity of life on Earth.As we continue to explore the depths of the ocean and the vast expanse of space，who knows what other surprises and discoveries lie in store.（它证明了科学探索的力量和地球上生命的不可思议的复杂性。随着我们继续探索海洋深处和广阔的太空，谁知道还有什么惊喜和发现在等待着我们）可知，这些新发现激励我们进一步探索未知。A．Researches help us push the boundaries of technology.研究帮助我们拓展技术的边界；B．Scientists have addressed the limitations of the research.科学家们已经解决了这项研究的局限性；C．New discoveries inspire us to further explore the unknown.新的发现激励我们进一步探索未知；D．Researchers have confirmed the origins and complexity of life.研究人员已经证实了生命的起源和复杂性。故选C。
【点评】一、速读全文，了解大意知主题。阅读能力一般指阅读速度和理解能力两个方面。阅读速度是阅读最基本的能力，考生必须在十分有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，搜寻关键词、主题句，捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点，并且理清文章脉络，把握语篇实质。二、看题干，带着问题读文章。首先要掌握问题的类型，客观信息题可以从文章中直接找到答案；而主观判断题考查的是对文章的感情基调等，这类题必须经过对作者的态度、意图以及对整篇文章进行深一层的推理等。其次，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率。三、逻辑推理，做好深层理解题。在实际阅读中，有时作者并未把意图说出来，阅读者要根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓义。要求读者对文字的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理，不能就事论事，以偏概全。推理题在提问中常用的词有：infer，imply，suggest，indicate等。四、猜词悟义，扫除阅读拦路虎。猜词是应用英语的重要能力。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会"顺藤摸瓜"，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。
6．【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种现象——说服疲劳，分析了其产生的原因，并介绍了解决的方法。
【解答】（1）细节理解题。根据文章第一段You want to convince a friend or a family member of something you know they may disagree，and you share information and walk through your reasoning with them.Still，they reject your case.How do you react when your powers of persuasion fail？You might dismiss the person who doesn't agree with your arguments as narrow﹣minded，foolish or otherwise out of touch with reality.The whole experience may feel like trying to guide someone on a journey when they refuse to follow.Psychologists have created a term，persuasion fatigue，to describe this form of frustration（懊恼）.（你想说服你的朋友或家人，你知道他们可能不同意，你分享信息，并与他们解释你的理由。尽管如此，他们还是拒绝了你的申请。当你的说服力失效时，你会作何反应？你可能会认为不同意你观点的人心胸狭窄、愚蠢或与现实脱节。整个经历可能就像在别人拒绝跟随的时候试图引导他们旅行。心理学家创造了一个术语，说服疲劳，来描述这种形式的懊恼。）可知，说服疲劳指的是当你尽力说服对方，却发现一切努力都是徒劳的时候所产生的懊恼感。故选A。
（2）细节理解题。根据文章第二段Past research demonstrates that feeling frustrated can make you more resistant to changing your mind.It also shows that frustration may reduce your ability to recognize why your arguments don't succeed.（过去的研究表明，感到沮丧会让你更不愿意改变主意。它还表明，沮丧可能会降低你认识到为什么你的论点不成功的能力。）可知，这种沮丧感会让你不愿意改变主意，也会让你无法认清自己的说服不成功的真实的原因。故选C。
（3）推理判断题。根据文中所引用的马克 吐温所说的话的前一句Persuasion fatigue also explains why，when debates break down，people tend to blame their conversational opponent.（说服疲劳也解释了为什么当辩论破裂时，人们倾向于指责他们的对话对手。）以及马克 吐温所说的话In all matters of opinion，our opponents are insane（愚蠢的）.（在所有的观点问题上，我们的对手都是愚蠢的）可知，作者引用马克 吐温所说的话是为了论证自己的观点，也就是当辩论不成功时，人们倾向于指责自己的谈话对方。故选D。
（4）推理判断题。根据倒数第二段But sometimes you're better off seeing an argument as a cooperative effort to find the truth—less like angry neighbours fighting over their property line. （但有时，你最好把争论看作是一种寻找真相的合作努力，而不是像愤怒的邻居为他们的财产线而争吵一样。）可知，在处理说服疲劳时，我们可以把争论视作寻找共同点。A．Seeing a debate as a zero﹣sum game.将辩论视为零和游戏；B．Making an effort for common ground.努力寻求共同点；C．Shifting the topic to lower others' defenses.转移话题降低别人的防御；D．Reframing points based on one's own values.根据自己的价值观重新规划要点。故选B。
【点评】一、速读全文，了解大意知主题。
阅读能力一般指阅读速度和理解能力两个方面。阅读速度是阅读最基本的能力，考生必须在十分有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，搜寻关键词、主题句，捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点，并且理清文章脉络，把握语篇实质。
二、看题干，带着问题读文章。
首先要掌握问题的类型，客观信息题可以从文章中直接找到答案；而主观判断题考查的是对文章的感情基调等，这类题必须经过对作者的态度、意图以及对整篇文章进行深一层的推理等。其次，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率。
三、逻辑推理，做好深层理解题。
在实际阅读中，有时作者并未把意图说出来，阅读者要根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓义。要求读者对文字的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理，不能就事论事，以偏概全。推理题在提问中常用的词有：infer，imply，suggest，indicate等。
四、猜词悟义，扫除阅读拦路虎。
猜词是应用英语的重要能力。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会"顺藤摸瓜"，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。
7．【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了读一本好书对我们身心健康的几个好处。
【解答】（1）推理判断题。上文But there's increasing evidence that reading isn't just for pleasure，or merely a way of improving literacy skills and factual knowledge. （但是越来越多的证据表明，阅读不仅仅是为了娱乐，也不仅仅是提高识字能力和事实知识的一种方式。）提到阅读的好处，以及根据下文每段中的Firstly，reading helps to lengthen attention spans in children and improves their ability to think clearly. （首先，阅读有助于延长儿童的注意广度，提高他们清晰思考的能力。）Also，reading can help people learn to empathize（产生共鸣）. （此外，阅读可以帮助人们学会移情。）As a matter of fact，reading is far from a passive activity. （事实上，阅读远不是一种被动的活动。）和Getting sucked into a good novel appears to be beneficial to our mental health too.（沉浸在一本好小说中似乎对我们的心理健康也有好处。）可知，下文主要介绍了读书对身心健康的好处，由此可知，空处引起下文，指出阅读对身心健康有好处，D．It might actually be good for our mental and physical health too.（它实际上可能对我们的身心健康也有好处。）符合语境，是读书的好处，和上文是并列关系，同时引起下文，故选D。
（2）联系上文题。上文Firstly，reading helps to lengthen attention spans in children and improves their ability to think clearly.（首先，阅读有助于延长儿童的注意广度，提高他们清晰思考的能力。）提到阅读帮助孩子们提高思维能力，空处承接上文，解释了阅读是如何能提高大脑思维能力的，G．Stories have a structure that encourages their brains to think in sequence，to link cause，effect and significance.（故事有一个结构，鼓励他们的大脑按顺序思考，把原因、结果和意义联系起来。）符合语境，故选G。
（3）推理判断题。上文A recent study at the University of Michigan found that there had been a 48% decrease in empathy among college students.（情密歇根大学最近的一项研究发现，大学生的同情心下降了48%。）提到最近的一项研究发现，大学生的同情心下降了48%，空处应该承接上文，指出对此问题该如何解决，A．Encouraging reading could overcome this.（鼓励阅读可以克服这一点。）符合语境，呼应本段中心句Also，reading can help people learn to empathize（产生共鸣）.（此外，阅读可以帮助人们学会移。）故选A。
（4）联系上文题。上文When we read and imagine the landscapes，sounds，smells and tastes described on the page，the various areas of the brain that are used to process these experiences in real life are activated，creating new neural（神经） pathways（当我们阅读和想象书页上描述的风景、声音、气味和味道时，大脑中用于处理现实生活中这些经历的各个区域被激活，创造出新的神经通路。）指出当我们阅读和想象书页上描述的风景、声音、气味和味道时，大脑中用于处理现实生活中这些经历的各个区域被激活，创造出新的神经通路，F．In other words，our brains model real experiences，just as if we were living them ourselves.（换句话说，我们的大脑模拟真实的经历，就像我们自己生活在其中一样。）是对上文的进一步解释，符合语境，故选F。
（5）联系下文题。下文Reading not only avoids feelings of loneliness，it helps us to wind down，de﹣stress and forget our own problems for a while.（阅读不仅可以避免孤独感，还可以帮助我们放松下来，减轻压力，暂时忘记自己的问题。）指出阅读可以避免孤独感，B．As the old saying goes， " You're never alone with a book."（正如老话说的那样，"有一本书你就不会孤单"。）符合语境，下文对此进行了解释说明，故选B。
【点评】关于选句填空的做题步骤：
步骤一：快速浏览一遍备选答案，先确定哪个选项适合放在文章的什么位置。通常在以下位置：标题，句首，句中，句尾。不同位置的句子有不同的特征。
步骤二：快速浏览文章，确定文章体裁，抓住文章结构。
步骤三：分析篇章结构，找出各段的主题句或主旨大意。
步骤四：注意各选项中出现的句子衔接手段，寻找句中衔接标志词。
步骤五：区分相似项。
四、书面表达
8．【分析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍研究发现A.studiosus不同性格的蜘蛛会选择不同的分工。研究小组现在正试图回答这些问题。
【解答】（1）Aggressive and docile.细节理解题。根据第二段中The females can be aggressive or docile .（雌性可能是好斗的，也可能是温顺的。）可知，A.studiosus雌性的两种性格类型是好斗又温顺。故答案为Aggressive and docile。
（2）Building the web，catching prey，and defending their colonies.细节理解题。根据第五段中Meanwhile，the aggressive spiders generally avoid these tasks；instead，they spend most of their time building the web，catching prey，and defending their colonies.（与此同时，攻击性强的蜘蛛通常会避开这些任务；相反，它们把大部分时间花在织网、捕捉猎物和保护它们的殖民地上。）可知，好斗的雌性蜘蛛主要负责织网，捕捉猎物，保卫自己的领地。故答案为Building the web，catching prey，and defending their colonies。
（3）In an A.studiosus colony，the division of labor is based on the different builds of the spiders.（According to the passage，） in an A.studiosus colony，the division of labor is based on the personalities of spiders.细节理解题。根据第三段中But unlike these insects，the social spiders don't have castes with different builds.Instead，their roles are defined by their personalities.（但与这些昆虫不同的是，群居蜘蛛没有不同体型的种姓。相反，他们的角色是由性格决定的。）可知，在A.studiosus群落中，劳动分工是基于蜘蛛的个性。故答案为In an A.studiosus colony，the division of labor is based on the different builds of the spiders.（According to the passage，） in an A.studiosus colony，the division of labor is based on the personalities of spiders。
（4）I think personality will influence people's career choice.According to the passage，spiders with different personalities do different things.The same is true for humans.Because personality can determine what people are good at and what they are not。主观判断题。根据文章大意可知，不同性格的蜘蛛做不同的事。由此可判断同样对于人类来说也是一样。因为性格可以决定人们擅长和不擅长的事。故答案为I think personality will influence people's career choice.According to the passage，spiders with different personalities do different things.The same is true for humans.Because personality can determine what people are good at and what they are not。
【点评】阅读表达，要求学生在阅读理解的基础上，根据短文后的题目，在文中找到相关的内容，并用简洁、准确的句子，将理解的内容，书面表达出来。做题时，注意表达的内容不要超出规定的字数。
五、书面表达
9．【分析】本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生国际部好友Jim写封电子邮件，邀请他参加你校将在海淀公园举行的"阳光长跑"活动。
高分句型一
Our school will organize an activity called"Sunshine Long﹣distance Run".
翻译：我们学校将组织一个叫"阳光长跑"的活动。
分析：运用了过去分词作后置定语。
高分句型二
You may leave your personal items at the storage desk， where members from the Students' Union will keep an eye on them.
翻译：你可以把你的个人物品放在储物台，学生会的成员会在那里留心。
分析：运用了where引导的定语从句。
【解答】Dear Jim，
How have you been？ Our school will organize an activity called"Sunshine Long﹣distance Run".【高分句型一】 I wonder if you would like to come. （邀请）
The activity will be held at Haidian Park on May 16th. Students from all grades are welcome to join in. Participants need to gather at the West Gate by 8 am， and the running will start there at 8：20. The running will finish at the East Gate and the total distance will be around 5 km.（活动信息）
If you decide to come， please remember to wear running shoes. You may leave your personal items at the storage desk， where members from the Students' Union will keep an eye on them. 【高分句型二】（注意事项）
I really hope you can join us. Let me know if you are interested.
Yours，
Li Hua
【点评】提纲作文的写作步骤一般分为：审题，明确文体形式；构思，根据提纲全面构思文章内容，根据内容构思词语和句型结构；写作完稿，根据构思的词语和句型结构，按照合理的顺序和语言要求，连句成文。注意句子间的正确联系，注意词语的丰富和句型的多样。
