Unit 2 Lessons in life 语法-精讲破
被动语态
一、被动语态的构成
【观察】
The results of the survey will be published on the spot.
Large amounts of money were spent on the building which caused much debate.
To her delight，her weight has been reduced by ten kilos by going on a diet.
The experts pointed out that more must be done to bring the novel coronavirus under control.
Generally speaking，this kind of wood is often used to make desks and chairs by the villagers.
The workers told us that the Pingtan cross-strait road-rail bridge would be completed in seven years.
I have to walk there because my bike is being repaired.
When we arrived. all the vegetables had been sold out.
Walking into the room we noticed that the children were being taught how to draw a duck.
If you arrive at six tomorrow，the work will have been finished.
【归纳】
被动语态的构成
被动语态由“be+ ① ”构成。被动语态发生时态变化时只变 ② 的形式，过去分词不变。
基本构成方式：
一般现在时的被动语态： ③
一般过去时的被动语态： ④
一般将来时的被动语态：shall/will be done
现在进行时的被动语态： ⑤
过去进行时的被动语态：was/were being done
现在完成时的被动语态： ⑥
过去完成时的被动语态： ⑦
过去将来时的被动语态：would be done
将来完成时的被动语态：will have been done
二、被动语态的特殊结构形式
【观察】
The baby should be taken good care of by the baby Sitter.
Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.
A stranger was seen to walk into the building.
It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.
【归纳】
1. 含情态动词的被动语态形式为： ⑧ .
2. 在使役动词 ⑨ 以及感官动词 ⑩ 等后加不定式作宾语补足语时，在主动语态中不定式符号to要省略，但变为被动语态时，要加to。
3. 常以被动语态出现的句式结构：It is said/reported elieved/hoped/well known/thought/suggested that…表示“据说/据报道/大家相信/大家希望/众所周知/大家认为/有人提议……”。
三、主动形式表被动意义
【观察】
The cloth washes easily.
The plants want watering（=to be watered）daily.
The song sounds wonderful.
Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past twenty years.
Lions and tigers belong to the cat family
【归纳】
1. 有些动词既是及物动词又是不及物动词，当它们和well，badly、easily等副词连用，表示主语的内在品质或 时，是不及物动词，这时不用被动语态，用主动表被动，常见的动词有：write、read、clean、sell wash、cook等。
2. need/want/require（需要）、deserve/be worth（值得）等后接 的主动形式表被动意义。
3. 一些表示感觉、感官的系动词，如 smell taste、sound look、feel等用主动形式表被动意义。
4. 动词（短语）如 happen、take place、break out等，其本身主动形式就含有被动意义。
5. 某些静态动词（短语）不能用 语态，如have、ack、it、suit、belong to等。
链接高考
单句语法填空
1. (2020课标全国I，语法填空，★★☆） “This really excites scientists,” Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University says, “because it means we have the chance to obtain information about how he moon ______ (construct). ”
2. (2020课标全国Ⅲ，语法填空，★★☆) The artist was sure he would ______ (choose), but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor’s chief minister. the old man laughed.
3. (2019江苏，完形填空，★★☆) Wildlife ______ (threaten) greatly in the modern age. There are species（物种）that are disappearing every day.
4. (2019江苏，33，★★☆) They are trying to make sure that 5G terminal ______ (install) by 2022 for the Beijing Winter Olympics.
5. (2019天津改编，15，★★☆) A dog’s eating habit requires regular training before it ______ (establish) properly.
6. (2019天津，8，★★☆) Amy，as well as her _____ (give) a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.
7. (2018北京，9，★★☆) A risked his life ______ (trap) in the mountains for two days.
8. (2018天津，13，★★☆) My washing machine ______ (repair) this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
9. (2018江苏，30，★★☆) I was sent to the village last month to see how the e past ______(carry) out in the past two years.
10. (2017北京，29，★★☆) nthe1950sin the USA，most families had just one phone at home，and wireless phones ______（invent）yet.
11.(2017天津，6，★★☆) Nowadays，cycling，along with jogging and swimming ______（regard）as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.
12. (2017江苏，27，★★★) He hurried home，never once looking back to see if he ______ (follow).
13. (2016北京，30，★★☆) The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts ______ (reward) with success in the end.
14. (2016江苏，22，★★☆) More efforts，as reported ______ (make) in the years ahead to accelerate the supply-side structural reform.
15. （★★☆）Despite the previous rounds of talks，no agreement ______ (reach) so far by the two sides.
16. （★★☆）-Did you enjoy the party？-Yes. We ______ (treat) well by our hosts.
17. (★★☆) It is reported that a space station ______ (build) on the moon in years to come.
18. (★★☆) To my deli, I ______ (choose) from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony.
19. (★★☆) I had a strong desire to reach play with the but ______ (hold) back thankfully by the shop window.
20. (★★☆) More expressways ______ (build) in Sichuan soon to promote the local economy.
翻译句子
21. (★★☆) 这种布手感好，卖得也好。
________________________________________________
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参考答案：
①及物动词的过去分词 ②be ③am/is/are done ④was/were done ⑤am/is/are being done ⑥have/has been done ⑦ had been done ⑧情态动词+be+done ⑨ have、make、let ⑩see、watch、notice、hear、feel observe 性能 动名词 不及物 被动
1. is constructed 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：“这真的使科学家们很激动，”布朗大学的一位科学家 Carle pieters说，“因为这意味着我们有机会获得关于月球是如何构造的信息。”分析句子结构可知，设空处是宾语从句的谓语，动词 construct与主语the moon之间是被动关系，应使用被动语态，且由语境可知此处应使用一般现在时，主语 the moon是单数，故填 is constructed
2. be chosen 考查动词的语态。句意：画家确信他会被选中，但是当他把作品送给皇帝的宰相时，这位老人笑了。从句中主语he与 choose构成被动关系，且would后跟动词原形。故填 be chosen。
3. has been threatened 考查动词的时态和语态。句意：在现代，野生动植物受到了极大威胁。每天都有物种在消失。由句意可知设空处应用现在完成时，且Wildlife和 threaten是被动关系，故用现在完成时的被动语态has been threatened。
4. will have been threatened 考查动词的时态和语句意：他们正在努力确保到2022年的时候为北京冬奥会安装5G终端。根据句意和时间状语by2022可知，设空处应用将来完成时，且5G terminals和 install为被动关系，故用将来完成时的被动语态。
5. is established 考查动词的时态和语态。句意：狗的饮食习惯需要经过正规的训练后才能正确养成。由句意和主句谓语动词 requires可知，设空处应用一般现在时，且it（指代Adog’s eating habit）与 establish为被动关系，故用被动语态。
6. was given 考查动词的时态、语态及主谓一致。句意：上周，埃米和她的兄弟们回到村里的时候受到了热烈欢迎。由时间状语 last week可知，设空处应用般过去时，Amy，as well as her brothers是主语部分，其中，as well as连接两个主语时，谓语动词要与前面的主语在数上保持一致。前面的主语是Amy，所以谓语动词用第三人称单数。又因为Amy与动词give为被动关系，故用被动语态。
7. had been trapped 考查动词的时态和语态。句意位救援人员冒着生命危险营救了两名已经被困在山中两天的游客。由主句谓语动词 risked可知事情发生在过去，而“被困”发生在 risked之前，故用过去完成时。定语从句的先行词是 two tourists，与trap之间是被动关系，故设空处应用过去完成时的被动语态。
8. is being repaired 考查动词的时态和语态。句意本周我的洗衣机正在维修中，因此我不得不用手洗衣服。由句意可知这里表示“洗衣机正在维修中”，故用现在进行时；My washing machine与 repair之间为被动关系，需用被动语态。因此，设空处需用现在进行时的被动语态。
9. had been carried 考查动词的时态、语态及主谓致。句意：上个月我被派到这个村子检查那个发展计划在过去的两年中的实施情况。设空处表示的动作应该发生在主句谓语 was sent之前，即“过去的过去”，且表示被动，故用过去完成时的被动语态10hadn’t been invented考查动词的时态和语态。句意：在20世纪50年代的美国，大多数家庭的家中只有一部电话，而且无线电话还没有被发明出来。设空处是句子的谓语，与主语之间是被动关系，且动作发生在过去的过去，故用过去完成时的被动语态1 1 is regarded考查动词的时态、语态及主谓一致.句意：现如今，与慢跑和游泳一起，骑自行车被视为最好的全面运动形式之一。设空处是句子的谓语，与主语之间为被动关系。句子的主语是 cycling，故谓语动词用单数。由时间状语 Nowadays可知用一般现在时。
12. was being followed 考查动词的时态和语态。句意：他匆忙往家赶，从未回头看看是否有人跟着他。由句意可知，设空处应用被动语态，且表示当时动作正在进行，从句主语为he，故填 was being followed。
13. will be rewarded 考查动词的时态和语态。句意：学生们一直都努力学习功课，最终回报他们努力的将是成功。由句意可知设空处需用一般将来时；their efforts与 reward之间为被动关系，故用被动语态。
14. will be made 考查动词的时态和语态。句意：据报道，为了加快供给侧结构改革，（政府）在今后几年将作出更大的努力。由时间状语 in the years ahead并结合句意可知，动作发生在将来，故用一般将来时；主语 More efforts与make之间为被动关系，故用被动语态 will be made。
15. has been reached 考查动词的时态和语态。句意：尽管之前进行了多轮谈判，但到目前为止双方没有取得一致意见。由时间状语 so far可知此处应用现在完成时，而 agreement与 reach之间为被动关系，故用现在完成时的被动语态。
16. were treated 考查动词的时态和语态。句意你们在聚会上玩得愉快吗？——是的，我们被主人招待得很好。由句意可知所谈事情发生在过去，且主语We与动词 treat之间为被动关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态。
17. will be built 考查动词的时态和语态。句意：据报道，未来几年将会在月球上建立一个太空站。时间状语为 In years to come，且 space station和buld之间为被动关系，故用一般将来时的被动语态。
18. was chosen 考查动词的时态和语态。句意：使我高兴的是，在数以百计的申请者中，我被选出来参加开幕式。主语I与 choose之间为被动关系，设空处应用被动语态；且介绍的是过去的情况，故用一般过去时的被动语态。
19. was held 考查动词的时态和语态。句意：我有种强烈的愿望想要把手伸进去玩那个玩具，但是幸好被商店橱窗阻隔了。由 had a strong desire可知设空处需用一般过去时；且主语I与 hold back之间为被动关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态。
20. willl be built 考查动词的时态和语态。句意：四川很快会建更多的高速公路来促进当地经济的发展。由时间状语soon可知，设空处用一般将来时；且expressways与buid为被动关系，故用一般将来时的被动语态
21. The cloth feels good and sells well
